To shield concrete from problems for the duration of freezing, bubbles will need to have the proper dimensions, distribution and volume. ASTM C 260 specifies requirements for air entraining admixtures. The proper additives make sure that concrete structures can endure harsh climatic conditions and large amounts of don and tear. https://www.tjcyindustrialchem.com/news/cement-additives-and-concrete-admixtures-key-differences.html